{"id":7057,"date":"2025-05-07T11:17:47","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T05:47:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/?p=7057"},"modified":"2025-05-08T12:16:51","modified_gmt":"2025-05-08T06:46:51","slug":"khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Khwaja Muhammad vs Husaini Begum Case Study &#8211; Beneficiary Can Sue"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><strong>By: Concept of Contact with Advocate Rishabh Gaur (IGP CA Foundation Law Faculty)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Background_of_the_Case\" >Background of the Case<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Key_Situation\" >Key Situation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Terms_of_the_Agreement\" >Terms of the Agreement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#What_Went_Wrong\" >What Went Wrong?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#The_Legal_Concept_Privity_of_Contract\" >The Legal Concept: Privity of Contract<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Counter-Arguments_Judgment\" >Counter-Arguments &amp; Judgment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Judgment\" >Judgment:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Important_Legal_Principles_from_the_Case\" >Important Legal Principles from the Case<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#1_Muslim_Marriage_is_a_Contract\" >1. Muslim Marriage is a Contract<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#2_Mehar_Dower\" >2. Mehar (Dower)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#3_Beneficiary_Can_Sue\" >3. Beneficiary Can Sue<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#4_Child_Marriage_is_Valid_Though_Problematic\" >4. Child Marriage is Valid (Though Problematic)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Real-Life_Examples_Explained_by_IGPs_Faculty\" >Real-Life Examples Explained by IGP&#8217;s Faculty<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Mehar_Example\" >Mehar Example:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Modern_Inflation_Example\" >Modern Inflation Example:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/khwaja-muhammad-vs-husaini-begum-case-study\/#Final_Takeaways\" >Final Takeaways<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When discussing the complexities of Muslim personal law, especially regarding child marriage, maintenance (nafaqah), Mehar, and the contractual nature of marriage, one case that frequently stands out is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Khwaja Muhammad Khan vs Husaini Begum<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This case is not just a landmark judgment but also a reflection of how Islamic law was progressive in its time and how modern interpretations must evolve with societal needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_of_the_Case\"><\/span><strong>Background of the Case<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s simplify the parties involved:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>X<\/strong> \u2013 Father of <strong>Husaini Begum<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Y<\/strong> \u2013 Son of <strong>Khwaja Muhammad<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Khwaja Muhammad<\/strong> \u2013 Father of Y<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Husaini Begum<\/strong> \u2013 A 12-year-old girl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Situation\"><\/span><strong>Key Situation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>X was dying (cancer, third stage) and had a deep concern: who will take care of his daughter after his death?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, he planned her marriage early \u2014 a child marriage (which is valid under Muslim law, although controversial today). He approached Khwaja Muhammad, proposing the marriage of his daughter (Husaini Begum) to Khwaja\u2019s son (Y).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"CA Foundation | LAW | Case Study | Khwaja Mohammad  vs Hussaini Begum | Rishabh Gaur | IGP Classes\" width=\"1140\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/C6Z-r08URtE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Terms_of_the_Agreement\"><\/span><strong>Terms of the Agreement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Khwaja Muhammad, in order to give assurance, said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cI own a rental property that gives me income. I promise to pay Rs. 5000 per month to <strong>Husaini Begum<\/strong> after marriage for her maintenance.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This was not a Mehar, but an independent maintenance promise, documented and agreed upon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/understanding-jurisdiction-types-with-real-world-application\/\">Understanding Jurisdiction \u2013 Types with Real World Application<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Went_Wrong\"><\/span><strong>What Went Wrong?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After marriage:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Husaini Begum left her husband\u2019s house due to marital discord.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>She stopped living with Y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>She demanded the promised maintenance from Khwaja Muhammad.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khwaja refused, saying:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cShe\u2019s not living with my son.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cShe\u2019s not my daughter-in-law anymore.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cShe\u2019s not a party to the contract. So, she can\u2019t sue.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This led to a legal battle where the core issue was:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Can Husaini Begum, who was not a direct party to the contract, enforce it?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Legal_Concept_Privity_of_Contract\"><\/span><strong>The Legal Concept: Privity of Contract<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Privity of contract is a legal doctrine stating that only the parties involved in a contract can sue or be sued on it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khwaja Muhammad argued:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The contract was between him and X, the girl\u2019s father.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since Husaini Begum was not a party, she couldn\u2019t sue for the promised amount.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/chinnaya-vs-ramayya-case-study-consideration-in-indian-contract-act-1872\/\">Chinnaya vs Ramayya Case Study: Consideration in Indian Contract Act, 1872<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Counter-Arguments_Judgment\"><\/span><strong>Counter-Arguments &amp; Judgment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Husaini Begum&#8217;s lawyer made two key arguments:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No condition was attached to the promise. It wasn\u2019t stated that she would get Rs. 5000 only if she stayed with Y. It was unconditional.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even if she wasn\u2019t a direct party, she was the beneficiary. The contract was made <em>for her benefit<\/em>, so she has a right to claim.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judgment\"><\/span><strong>Judgment:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The court ruled in favor of Husaini Begum. It held:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A beneficiary of a contract can sue under certain circumstances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since the entire purpose of the contract was to ensure the financial protection of Husaini Begum, she was entitled to receive the money.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/section-72-of-indian-contract-act-simple-example-explained\/\">Section 72 of Indian Contract Act: Simple Example Explained<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Legal_Principles_from_the_Case\"><\/span><strong>Important Legal Principles from the Case<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Muslim_Marriage_is_a_Contract\"><\/span>1. <strong>Muslim Marriage is a Contract<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike Hindu marriage (a sacrament), <strong>Muslim marriage is contractual<\/strong>. Therefore, terms, conditions, and dissolution (Talaq) are governed by agreed-upon rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Mehar_Dower\"><\/span>2. <strong>Mehar (Dower)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mehar is <strong>not dowry<\/strong>, it\u2019s an obligatory gift from the husband to the wife and can act as <strong>financial security<\/strong>. It must be pre-decided and <strong>enforceable<\/strong> in court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Beneficiary_Can_Sue\"><\/span>3. <strong>Beneficiary Can Sue<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Indian law, if a contract is <strong>made for the benefit<\/strong> of a third person (especially in trust-like relationships), the third party can <strong>enforce the contract<\/strong>, even without privity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Child_Marriage_is_Valid_Though_Problematic\"><\/span>4. <strong>Child Marriage is Valid (Though Problematic)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Muslim law permits marriage of minors with guardian consent. But <strong>consummation<\/strong> must wait until physical maturity (typically post-15 or puberty).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/is-word-to-word-copying-needed-in-ca-foundation-exams\/\">Is Word-to-Word Copying Needed in CA Foundation Exams?<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Real-Life_Examples_Explained_by_IGPs_Faculty\"><\/span><strong>Real-Life Examples Explained by IGP&#8217;s Faculty<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mehar_Example\"><\/span><strong>Mehar Example:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A man agrees to pay \u20b91 lakh as Mehar. The woman says, &#8220;Increase it to \u20b91 crore!&#8221; The man says, &#8220;Don&#8217;t worry, I\u2019ll never divorce you.&#8221;<br><strong>Moral:<\/strong> If you <strong>truly love<\/strong>, you shouldn\u2019t fear agreeing to high Mehar because it&#8217;s a <strong>woman\u2019s right<\/strong>, not a threat.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modern_Inflation_Example\"><\/span><strong>Modern Inflation Example:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A woman agreed to marriage 10 years ago for \u20b95000\/month maintenance. Today, inflation has made \u20b95000 insignificant.<br><strong>Lesson:<\/strong> The <strong>value of fixed maintenance becomes unfair over time<\/strong>, highlighting the need for <strong>dynamic laws or the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Uniform Civil Code: Who Gains, Who Loses?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Under <strong>UCC<\/strong>, fixed maintenance amounts would likely be replaced by <strong>percentage-based income support<\/strong>, which evolves with time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who loses? Those <strong>paying<\/strong> fixed small amounts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who gains? The <strong>spouse (usually women)<\/strong> receiving outdated fixed support who now get <strong>fairer, inflation-adjusted compensation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Read Also: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.igpinstitute.org\/insight\/avoid-failing-ca-foundation-law-in-your-next-attempt\/\">Avoid Failing CA Foundation Law in Your Next Attempt<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Takeaways\"><\/span><strong>Final Takeaways<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Legal Principle<\/th><th>Case Illustration<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Marriage is a contract<\/td><td>Valid under Muslim law<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beneficiary rights<\/td><td>Husaini Begum could sue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mehar protects women<\/td><td>Pre-decided financial rights<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UCC relevance<\/td><td>Ensures modern fairness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Privity exception<\/td><td>Beneficiary of contract can sue<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Khwaja Muhammad Khan vs Husaini Begum<\/strong> case is a timeless reminder that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Law evolves<\/strong>, but intention matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contracts made for someone&#8217;s benefit<\/strong> must honor that promise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This case is a beautiful mix of <strong>legal doctrine, societal evolution<\/strong>, and <strong>human emotion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By: Concept of Contact with Advocate Rishabh Gaur (IGP CA Foundation Law Faculty) Introduction When discussing the complexities of Muslim personal law, especially regarding child marriage, maintenance (nafaqah), Mehar, and the contractual nature of marriage, one case that frequently stands out is: Khwaja Muhammad Khan vs Husaini Begum This case is not just a landmark [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7059,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[163],"tags":[186,157],"class_list":["post-7057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ca-foundation","tag-ca-career","tag-ca-foundation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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